A satellite refers to
any body that moves around another (usually much larger) one in a
mathematically predictable path called an orbit. There are many different types
of satellites orbiting the earth over our heads. Some are used for television,
others for telecommunications and some satellites are top secret and few people
know what they are used for Satellites are brought into space by space
shuttles. They are accelerated to the speeds needed to achieve orbit by large rockets.
Once in space, the satellite is subjected to two main forces:
- Centripetal force due to the Earth's
gravitational pull
- Centrifugal force, tending to drive the
satellite away from the Earth, which varies according to induced velocity and
orbit.
In India, the Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) is responsible for research, development and operations of space systems
in the areas of satellite communications, remote sensing for resources,
environmental monitoring, etc.
Types
of Satellites:
Types of satellites include Communication
Satellite, Scientific Satellites/
Research Satellites, Observation Satellites,
Weather Satellites, Navigation Satellites, Radio Satellites.
1. Communication
Satellite:
It includes television, phones (cellular as well
as others), the Internet, beepers, etc. Communications Satellites have been
around since 1958. One of the best known uses of communications satellites is
for the transmission of radio/television.
2. Scientific
/ research Satellites:
Certain satellites are important for scientific
research. These satellites gather data for scientific analysis.
This includes observations of the atmosphere of our planet, the
stars, the sun and other parts of space.
3. Observation
Satellites:
Observation satellites help to observe many features of the
earth's surface. Scientists use earth observation satellites to locate mineral
deposits, to determine the location and size of freshwater supplies and to
detect the spread of disease in crops and forests. Satellites are also used in
the field of surveillance.
4. Weather
Satellites:
Weather satellites are one of the most important instrumentation
used to predict the weather. Weather satellites photograph the earth regularly
in visible and infrared light, and they provide data to weather stations on
earth, thus enabling the forecasting of weather conditions around the world
5. Navigation
Satellites:
Navigation satellites allow the operators of land vehicles, ships,
and aircraft to determine their locations within 100 feet any where on earth.
These vehicles all have on board a computerized receiver which can pickup radio
signals from satellites miles in Space.
6. Radio
Satellites:
Radio transmissions are also conducted through satellite
facilities. Amateur radio operators or "hams" have built several Orbital Satellites Caring Amateur Radios
(OSCARS) that take advantage of leftover payload space on other missions to get
a free ride into orbit.
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