Nanotechnology is the key technology of the 21st century that Promises to bring dramatic new developments in electronics, communication networks, biotechnology, medical science and environmental research. The technology is expected to play an essential part in the life of society in the future. Governments around the world fund and promote major projects for research in nanotechnology while intensive efforts are also made in the private Sector.
Nanotechnology refers to a field of applied science and technology whose theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, generally 100 nanometers or smaller, and the fabrication of devices or materials that lie within that size range.
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10° of a meter. To put that scale in context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.
Nanotechnology is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as applied physics, materials science, interface and colloid science, device physics, supramolecular chemistry (which refers to the area of chemistry that focuses on the noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules), self-replicating machines and robotics. chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biological engineering, and electrical engineering
Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition.
In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.
Examples of nanotechnology are the manufacture of polymers based on molecular structure, and the design of computer chip layouts based on surface science.
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